Zeeshan Haider Introduction
In the realm of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the term “nonverbal autism” is frequently used to describe a subset of individuals who, despite being on the spectrum, do not develop spoken language beyond a few words. Approximately 25% to 35% of autistic children fall into this category, often associated with high support needs or level 3 autism. This article explores the intricacies of nonverbal autism, its potential causes, and diverse communication methods available to individuals who fall under this classification.
What is Nonverbal Autism?
Nonverbal autism, while widely acknowledged, does not hold an official status as a distinct diagnosis. This is primarily because drawing a clear line between verbal and nonverbal individuals with autism is challenging. Some individuals with nonverbal autism may acquire the ability to use a limited set of words with meaning but struggle to engage in significant conversations. Others may exhibit repetitive language use, such as echoing scripts or phrases learned from therapists, without effectively conveying thoughts or desires.
In the symphony of communication, where words often falter, nonverbal autism speaks volumes through the silent eloquence of gestures, expressions, and a unique language of connection that transcends the boundaries of spoken words.
Jocelyn Eastman
Unraveling the Causes of Nonverbal Autism
The origins of why some autistic individuals remain nonverbal remain a puzzle. Surprisingly, many nonverbal individuals on the spectrum demonstrate proficiency in alternative communication methods like American Sign Language, picture cards, and digital tools. While some may contend with childhood apraxia of speech, a neurological disorder impeding spoken language, most nonverbal autistic individuals do not have this condition.
Traditionally, nonverbal autistic children were often assumed to have intellectual disabilities based on low IQ scores. However, it has become evident that standard IQ tests are inadequate for assessing intellectual abilities in nonverbal autistic children. Challenges in speech, sensitivity to sensory stimuli, and difficulties with social norms can significantly impact test performance. The Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (TONI) is one alternative that offers a more accurate assessment.
Diagnosing the Challenge of Nonverbal Autism
Diagnosing nonverbal autism proves challenging due to the difficulty in distinguishing between nonverbal, preverbal, and non-communicative children. Healthcare providers often rely on a combination of interviews with the child, discussions with guardians and teachers, and observations in familiar settings to gain a comprehensive understanding. Research utilizing electroencephalograms and magnetic resonance imaging aims to uncover the unique brain function patterns in nonverbal autistic individuals.
Recognizing Autism Traits
Autism traits are present in both verbal and nonverbal individuals on the spectrum. These include challenges with eye contact, difficulties in reading social cues, limited emotional expression, sensory sensitivities, repetitive body movements, ritualistic behaviors, and a preference for narrow or extreme interests. Identifying these traits is crucial for understanding and supporting individuals with autism.
The Path to Communication: Will My Child Learn to Talk?
The trajectory of speech development in autistic children varies. While some children with delayed speech eventually become fluent communicators, others may struggle to progress beyond a few words. Speech therapy, the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), behavioral interventions, play therapy, and emerging approaches like music therapy offer diverse avenues to improve verbal communication skills.
Exploring Alternative Communication Methods
For nonverbal autistic individuals, spoken language may not be the primary mode of communication. Fortunately, various alternative methods, such as written language, American Sign Language, picture cards, and digital communication devices, can empower individuals to express themselves effectively. The emergence of communication apps, like Proloquo2Go, further facilitates interaction for nonverbal autistic individuals.
Conclusion
It’s essential to approach alternative communication methods with discernment, steering clear of hoaxes such as facilitated communication, which has been debunked by studies revealing the therapist’s influence on typing. As technology continues to advance, the world of nonverbal autism is witnessing innovative solutions that enhance communication and connection for individuals on the spectrum.
Source
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., & Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), 508-520.
- Mirenda, P. (2003). Toward functional augmentative and alternative communication for students with autism: Manual signs, graphic symbols, and voice output communication aids. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 34(3), 203-216.
- Tager-Flusberg, H., & Kasari, C. (2013). Minimally verbal school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder: the neglected end of the spectrum. Autism Research, 6(6), 468-478.
- Schlosser, R. W., & Wendt, O. (2008). Effects of augmentative and alternative communication intervention on speech production in children with autism: a systematic review. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(3), 212-230.
